From Social Norms to Self-Advocacy: Steven Kapp

Steven Kapp, a sociologist, researcher, and autistic self-advocate, has been a prominent voice in critiquing traditional autism interventions, particularly Applied Behaviour Analysis (ABA). He contends that ABA often prioritizes compliance over autonomy, aiming to "normalize" autistic behaviour rather than fostering self-acceptance.

Kapp's Critique of ABA

Kapp's primary concern with ABA is its focus on modifying behaviors to align with societal norms, which can undermine the individual's sense of identity. He emphasizes that repetitive behaviors, often targeted for reduction in ABA, can be therapeutic for autistic individuals. As Kapp (2020) notes, "growing evidence suggests that repetitive behaviours have been misunderstood — and that they may in fact be incredibly useful." These behaviors provide "a sense of control, helping them cope with overwhelming external stimuli, and a way to calm and communicate their moods" (Kapp, 2020).

The Importance of Identity & Self-Advocacy

Advocating for the neurodiversity movement, Kapp encourages autistic individuals to embrace their unique identities. He asserts that the movement has "shifted the landscape toward viewing autism in social terms of human rights and identity to accept, rather than as a medical collection of deficits and symptoms to cure" (Kapp, 2020). Kapp also highlights the significance of self-advocacy and community collaboration. He believes that autistic individuals benefit from working alongside non-autistic allies, stating, "Self-advocates also benefit from collaborating with non-autistic allies" (Kapp, 2020).

The Potential Benefits of ABA

While Kapp offers a critical perspective, proponents of ABA argue that, when implemented thoughtfully and ethically, it can offer several benefits:

• Skill Development: ABA therapy programs can help increase language and communication skills, improve attention, focus, social skills, memory, and academics, and decrease problem behaviors.

• Individualised Approach: ABA therapy is highly individualized, valuing the unique qualities of each child with autism. Treatment plans are carefully customized to fit their strengths, challenges, and needs, making the therapy more effective by focusing on areas requiring the most support.

• Evidence-Based Outcomes: Many studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of ABA in helping children with autism learn new skills and improve social interactions.

The discourse surrounding ABA therapy is multifaceted. While it offers potential benefits in skill development and individualized support, it's crucial to balance these with respect for the autonomy and identity of autistic individuals. Engaging in open dialogues that include diverse perspectives, especially those of autistic self-advocates like Steven Kapp, ensures that interventions are both effective and respectful of individual differences.

Additional Resources:

• Kapp, S. (2020) Autistic Community and the Neurodiversity Movement: Stories from the Frontline. Palgrave Macmillan.

• Bottema-Beutel, K. and Crowley, S. (2021) ‘Ethical Concerns Around ABA Therapy’, Autism, 25(3), pp. 657–669.

• Autism Speaks (n.d.) 'Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)', Available at: https://www.autismspeaks.org (Accessed: 2 March 2025).

• Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (n.d.) 'Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) for Children With Autism', Available at: https://www.chop.edu (Accessed: 2 March 2025).

• Surpass Behavioral Health (n.d.) '5 Benefits of ABA Therapy For Autism', Available at: https://www.surpassbehavioralhealth.com (Accessed: 2 March 2025).